Decentralized Truth
for the Decentralized Web
Deploy, Compose, Operate and Query high-integrity oracles for prices and other data streams across EVM blockchains
How Orb Works
A decentralized, sustainable foundation for temporal data streams on Ethereum and EVM blockchains.
Immutable On-Chain Streams
Every Orb oracle is an on-chain contract that stores, on-chain, a stream of data. Anyone can deploy an Orb oracle. Deployed oracles are immutable, with parameters set at the moment of deployment.
EWMA using Staked Balances
Every Orb oracle has an associated ERC20 token. Holders who stake this token become operators of that particular oracle and may submit values to the oracle. The oracle calculates a weighted exponential moving average of the submitted values, taking into account the time of the submissions and the staked balances as weights.
Anti-Free-Riding Governance
By default, any contract can read data from any Orb oracle. Such contracts are expected to comply with the conditions of use required by the oracle's operators. The operators may blacklist non-compliant contracts. Blacklisting actions need a minimum quorum and a majority of the operators' stake.
Key Characteristics of Orb
Engineered with mathematical rigor to solve the centralization, latency, manipulation, and sustainability limits of existing oracles.
Resilience
Rather than forcing high-value DeFi applications to rely on a single fragile price point, Orb Oracle exposes a current value together with dynamic minimum and maximum bounds derived from recent sampled history.
Exchange rates have natural spreads and volatile fluctuations. Exposing value ranges parameter-free via view calls empowers lending protocols and DEXs to measure market uncertainty directly on-chain, automatically filtering out single-transaction flash-loan spikes and sandwich manipulation without extra calculation.
Scalable Decentralization
Orb has clever mathematical mechanisms to allow constant-time and constant-gas on-chain updates for any arbitrary number of oracle operators. Operators submit values without creating bottlenecks, enabling unbounded decentralization.
Speed
Fresh submissions immediately dominate the aggregate price with single-block finality. Older submissions smoothly undergo exponential decay based on the oracle's half-life, and inactive operators' delay asymptotically converges to zero, bounding delay to optimal minimums.
Composability
Multiply or divide any two active oracles directly on-chain to create custom currency pairs, cross-asset rates, or synthetic pricing without storing duplicate state or incurring extra gas delay.
Economic Sustainability
Oracle operators are rewarded for submitting values, providing a reliable source of revenue to cover operational costs. The reward pool can be funded with native cryptocurrency at any time.
The reward formula is mathematically proven (Theorem 4) to preserve its balance, ensuring the reward pool never drains to zero and maintaining permanent operational incentives for operators.
Research and Formal Verification
The Orb Oracle Protocol paper ("Orb: Decentralized and Sustainable Oracles") has been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication at the Journal of Financial Technology.
Unlike conventional smart contracts that depend only on standard unit tests, all four core mathematical theorems of Orb — constant-time O(1) aggregation, inactive operator delay convergence, bounded oracle delay, and reward pool sustainability — have been machine-checked and formally verified in the Rocq (formerly Coq) interactive theorem prover.
Protocol Comparison
How Orb compares to other architectural models across decentralization, security, and economic guarantees.
| Feature / Guarantee | Push Oracles | Pull Oracles | Orb Oracles |
|---|---|---|---|
| Execution Layer | Off-chain consensus + On-chain push | Off-chain signing + User pull | 100% On-Chain EVM |
| Operator Scalability | Fixed validator quorum | Restricted publisher set | Unbounded O(1) Scaling |
| Free-Riding Protection | Unprotected (Free-riding risk) | Fee per pull transaction | Stake-Weighted Blacklist |
| Value Uncertainty & Ranges | Single point estimate only | Confidence interval parameter | Native Min / Max Ranges |
| Economic Sustainability | Grant & VC subsidized | User-paid verification fees | Self-Preserving Reward Pool |
| Latency Arbitrage Risk | Heartbeat threshold delay | User free-option timestamp risk | Optimal Bounded Delay |
| Mathematical Verification | Audits only | Audits only | Formally Verified in Rocq |
| On-Chain Composition | Custom wrapper contracts | Multi-signature pull wrappers | Native Composed Oracles |
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